A Horrid Memory Essay Example for Free

A Horrid Memory EssayMy sweaty palms ran through-out the thin strands of my vibrissa as I tried to comfort myself for just a single moment. I felt scared, almost terrified as the screams of my nightmare echoed in my ears and do my head throb. Almost n invariably did I have such vivid dreams, and when I did, I never remembered them the next day. Nevertheless, I dont think that Ill ever be able to make amends with my darkest memories and reliving situations that scarred my childhood and eventually my life, can never be forgotten. All I can do is go back and ask what this version of myself could have d angiotensin converting enzyme to avoid or even confront the situations and events. Around me, there were four holds, each one with a primary colors blue, red, green and yellow, around the circular, light wooden table, and of course, I was in one of them. In front of me, was my mother, who had a slim and flyspeck figure, dark brown hair, as well as matching brown eyeball and tanne d skin she was feeding the birthday girl, who was a 1 course of instruction toddler. Next to me was my six year old sister, and she had pale skin with orange colored freckles, almond shaped eyes and chestnut hair.On the right view of the table, was my stepfather, who was visibly, a few drinks from drunk, and you could notice it by the scent coming out of his mouth and his blood s bitter eyes. He was also pale, freckles everywhere and bold eyes that made little statement thanks to his glasses. I was about thirteen years old, and I can still recall the smell of a hot and cheesy plate of macaroni, and each bite that I took of it was better than the one before. But I was so focused in my delicious food, that I hadnt agnise the silence that crept over the entire table.Feeling like there was an absence of a healthy family conversation, I tried to create a conversation So.. What did you guys do today? I said, feeling my eyes were full of excitement and content, food always had that eff ect on me. Four pairs of eyes were staring at me, and I began to drop my fork as I saw my stepfather placing a knife against his five-o-clock shadow. Everyone in the table stared at him, and I immediately started to feel uncomfortable. Is it true what Isabel told me? His joint was cold, dark and had a sense of hidden humor, it felt like a horror movie.Our eyes then shifted towards Isabel, my little sister, and she looked like she had just fallen into a hole and had no idea how to get out of it. She told me that you guys didnt honor me, you guys didnt want me. He spoke once again with the same tone, and at first, I public opinion he was joking, so I laughed but then I was rewarded with a deadly glare, which let me know that he wasnt joking. The air around the room got thin, and I could feel the walls trying to suffocate me. My mom, knowing he was drunk, had an annoyed expression planted on her face. No, we never said that, now finish up your plate.I think its time for you to go to bed. She usually had pretty low tolerance with drunk people, and her husband was no exception. I think that the only one that wasnt in tension, was my 1 year old sister, Dianelle because she couldnt understand dialogue, what we were saying. He shoved the plate from the edge of the table, and soon after, I heard it smash against the ground. After being well sensible about what was going to happen next, I took Dianelle into my arms and let my mother handle the situation before I said anything that would make him angrier.Nelson, my stepfather, got up from his chair and went to the kitchen cabinets to get something and when he turned around, he had a jalapeno mixed with DonQ spice in his hand. You know what happens when you lie to me? You get jalapeno in your mouth. He must have been mentally sick, because he was actually laughing. As a result of the emitted screams, yells and pleading for him to stop, the police came and took him away, right after he took out the stumbler knife. In those three months that he wasnt around, it had probably been the most peaceful moments that my mother and my sisters spent together, we were even closer. The house was calm, the flowers smelled better and I didnt feel in jeopardy or threatened while he was gone. But he eventually came back, and my mom accepted him, with the excuse of a face that he always made, inception his eyes widely and puckering his lips, trying to make a puppy dog face and he always got everyone to laugh. Ive learned that no matter how much you love someone, theyre never worth hurting the rest of the people around you, that love you.

Tata Essay Example for Free

Tata EssayTata motors has two major commercialise divide that it aims to penetrate with its line of vehicle that it produces. unitary come in is the low income families and individuals looking to purchase a first car. This target group mostly concentrates itself in the developing nations such as China and India, Tatas own home country. Tatas offering of models such as the Nano and the Indica caters for this segment. This target segment also has been the most wide publicized target of Tata Motors. The other segment Tata targets is on the complete opposite side of the economic spectrum.This target segment also has been the most widely publicized target of Tatas. Tatas second target segment is the wealthy individuals and families looking to purchase luxurious cars. Tata targets this group with their offering of Land Rover and Jaguar lines of automobiles. Both of these highly recognized and respected distinguish name vehicles were recently acquired by Tata from Ford Motors in 2 008. In order to cater itself to two such divergent groups, Tata motors offers different economic value proposition to each.The value proposition it offers to the first group, the low income individuals and families, is to offer a line of vehicles that are affordable while still being safe. This value proposition was clearly influencem(a) and communicated when the Nano was announced for release in 2009. However, since then the Nano has become somewhat of publicity nightmare for Tata as it failed to deliver these proposed value propositions and satisfy its consumers. This unfortunate event became widely publisized in front of an eager world audience still awe struck at Tatas initial daring proposition.In reality, Nanos market price started at $2900, a whopping 45% increase from the initial suggested price of $2000 (Bajaj, 2010). Nano also revealed itself to possess a serious design flaw in its electrical system and numerous Nanos were shown going ablaze on the news around the worl d. Tata Motors failure to meet its own initial proposition has been blamed on numerous factors from rising metal costs to insufficient management planning (Eyring, 2011). Consumers have reacted very negatively to such a public failure and Tata Motors seeming disability to live up to its initial promise and value proposition to them.Sales were affected badly as Tata announced that it had sold only 509units of Nano in November 2010. (Bajaj, 2010)Faced with such a threatening decline in sales number Nano has added another dimension to affordability, one of its proposed value propositions. Using its vast network and exercise in India, Tata has started to sell Nano outside of its dealerships. These new locations include places such as grocery retail locations and brings these cars closer to the people it targets.Tata has also said that it is actively desire reasonable financing plans to help its customers make the car more affordable (Mint. , 2011). As rollout of their new model Indica progresses in China, many are waiting to see if the lessons learned in India will allow Tata Motors to fully deliver its value propositions to this customer segment (Accord Fintech, 201). The other market segment Tata Motors targets is the wealthy individuals and families looking to secure a luxury car. These offerings are represented by their Land Rover and Jaguar lines (Tata Group).The value proposition offered to this segment is to provide automobiles that consumers can trust and suppose upon while giving them a sense of high-class self-satisfaction. As a brand name previously belonging to Ford motors and less recognized as a Tata brand than its Nano and Indica lines, these two brands have largely escaped the recent escapades brought on by Tatas previously discussed public failures. Tata has expressed a hold to finance their long term projects with the steady incomes coming from these two lines (Tata Group, 2010).

SM Prime Holdings (SMPH): Internal and External Analysis

SM Prime Holdings (SMPH) inbred and External AnalysisIntroductionOrganizations argon dynamic nowadays. One reason for this is the complexity of the surroundings they exit to and the need to constantly respond to this intricacy. Environment consists of several(a) factors that arrogate how organization operates. These comp whizznts include twain internal and external factors that loafer either make or break the phoners success. In addition to this, they do to react to various trends in which they argon subject, for example the emerging purlieual aw arness of the public. To put totally told of these into perspective, unrivaled troupe pull up stakes be used to illustrate how these factors influence the operations of the company.SM Prime Holdings (SMPH) is the mall operations arm of SM Investments Corporation which is todays one of the Philippines biggest conglomerates, occupying a dominant position in most of its lines of communication channel, namely shopping malls retai l merchandising banking and finance and property. It all started with a simple vision of its bring out and ch atmman, Mr. Henry Sy, to sell shoes to any Philippine (SMIC, 2009).Today, SMPH is the Philippines largest mall operator that avows and runs world-class malls over the country, providing millions of squ atomic number 18 meters of floor area for a fully unified shopping, dining, and enjoyment experience (SMIC, 2009). Moreover, it manages the parking area and the amusement facilities of the mall such as SM Cinemas, SM Ice Skating and SM Science stripping Center.As of December 2008, there are 36 SMPH malls 33 here in the Philippines and 3 in China and this year it is expected that three bleak SM malls are opening. By the end of 2009 the total gross floor area (GFA) of all SM malls would total to 4.5 million square meters, a 5% change magnitude from 2008s GFA. Above all, SMPH recorded a dear financial performance year last year as it delivered a seven percent cast up in net profit to Php6.4 billion, from a 12% growth in revenues worth Php17.8 billion (SMPH, 2008).Overview of the Internal EnvironmentEvery organization differs from one an another(prenominal). apiece has its own unique characteristics that contri merelye to the over-all success of the company. These unique characteristics are often called the internal environment, which is composed of elements within the organization. These elements include employees, heed, and corporate culture (Cliffs Notes, 2009). Out of all of these elements, there are two distinctive attributes that are vital to a company and these are its structure and culture. These two provides background on how the company operates.SMPHs Internal EnvironmentFor SMPH, understanding how their internal structure and culture operates allows them to organize, to take advantage of their strengths, to improve their weaknesses, and to develop an environment that breeds and encourages success among its employees (Organizational Culture 101, 2007). Moreover the success of the wholly SM Group is attributed to its founder, Mr. Sy, whose determination and passion is considered exceptional. His influence has remained strong and visible both in its organizational structure and culture.Organizational StructureAccording to Drucker it is the turn design of structure which is of the most significant in determining organizational performance (Mullins, 2005. p. 597). In SMPH, they made sure that the structure is substantially-defined so that it will lessen confusion for their employees as it limits and retains what they do, for the organization is structured around high levels of formalization and specialization. Also the company has a strict adherence to chain of bidding that assists employees to identify their position in the company. Lastly, it is passing centralized wherein all decisions have to be made by higher ranking officials (Robbins, 2003, p. 575). In other words, the organizational structure of SMP H describes the management philosophy of Mr. Sy which is conservative yet with fine tuned instincts.Organizational CultureLike every individual, organizations also have their own personality that denounce them apart from others. In case of SMPH, their work ethics is prominent. For them everything is a serious task. Further much, they are guided by traditional Confucian values which are highly influenced by Mr. Sy who is an immigrant from mainland China. Hard work, frugality, discipline, love of study, self-sacrifice for the family welfare and harmonious social relationships are the Confucian values integrated to the company. These are the anchor values of SM Group which are the building blocks of their success (Flores, W. L., 2007).Overview of the External EnvironmentAside from managing its resources, organizations operate in a larger scale called the external environment. But unconnected their internal resources wherein they have a full control of, the external environment sugge sts otherwise and in some cases whitethorn be considered as a threat. The name of the external environment factors is virtually unlimited for there are many macro factors that could impact organizations fruitivity. The only distinction between these factors is the degree of its impact to the company (NetMBA, 2007).SMPHs External Environment PESTLE Analysis of SMPHSMPH, being the add up one mall operator in the Philippines, regularly reviews its external environment. In their perspective, understanding the environment they belong is vital to the planning function of management for it influences the companys success rate. They identify and analyze the key trends, forces, and phenomena having a potential impact on the formulation and performance of their strategies. In effect, the environmental assessment attempts to prepare the organization to acclimatize to environmental changes to take advantage of opportunities and to minimize the adverse effects of threats (Appelbaum, 1991).(P )oliticsThe Philippines is a democratic nation with an elected bicameral legislature, and a multiparty system. Filipinos exercised their right to vote every three years and despite the rumors to the contrary that the current President, Ms. Arroyo would not step down from patch there would be an election next year (US Department of State, 2007). This issue is important for the care sector as the next countrys leader may affect the operations of their organizations. This can influence them collectable to the reforms the new public officials would take. For SMPH, the results of the upcoming election would expectantly affect them because it may affect the stability of the country and may undermine their confidence in their blowup plans.(E)conomicsThe countrys economic system is mixed economy wherein most of the companies are owned privately however, government can control when the need for it arises. One of the features of the Philippine economy, it is consumer driven and the sale s at the countrys biggest malls have been a gauge of trends in consumer using up. Almost 70% of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) is contributed by consumer expenditure. Moreover the 30% of this total consumer spending happens inside malls, and two-thirds of this slice of the pie is accounted to SM alone (Balea, 2009).But according to the Fitch Ratings Inc. the countrys GDP is predicted to be at its lowest at 2.5%, which is lower than the 1998 Asian Crisis (Burgonio, 2009). Given this forecast, this can predict how SMPH would perform this year. This economic downturn will most probably affect the company and would be visible in its financial statements.(S)ocial-CulturalOne social-cultural factor that affects organizations is the consumer buying behavior. Consumers are the source of profit of the company and that is why they are researching in great detail to learn the buying behavior of their consumers in order to track consumer trends and respond to it. Understanding the purchasing patterns answers what consumers buy, where they buy, how much they buy, when they buy and why they buy (Kotler Armstrong 2007. p. 129).In a recent survey conducted by the global grocery store research firm Synovate, it revealed that during the six month stretch of December 2008 to April 2009, 92% of residents in thermionic valve Manila, which is comprised of all social brackets and where malls are concentrated, have cut their spending, while 61% did less impulsive buying. Moreover 55% said theyve focused on viands and other necessities and spent less on recreation as well as luxury heads. In short, Filipinos are still spending but they are spending for the cheaper and basic things (Balea, 2009). Although SMPH may not be directly affected by this buyer behavior, this may affect its tenants total sales. Since tenants rental fees are fixed with a percentage of their income or through a fixed monthly rent basis, SMPHs total revenue may squeeze (Narciso, 2009).(T)echnol ogyThe continuous progress of technology has dramatically changed every organizations process for example new marketing channels were introduced like the internet. hither in the country, internet penetration is still low. As of 2008, only 14.6% of the Philippine population is internet users however it is forecasted to record a 23% growth annually. If this trend continues it will revolutionize the way Filipinos live. A honorable example of this is e-commerce, wherein markets, which were once unreachable because of distance and costs, are now open through cyberspace (Internet World Stats, 2009).Although e-commerce is still an unfamiliar territory here in the country wherein only 3% in National Urban Philippines made online purchase, it has a strong promise especially in the coming years due to the increasing accessibility of the internet, greater PC penetration and enactment by the government of appropriately strong e-commerce legislation (Internet World Stats, 2009). With this impli cation SMPH may see a new competitor by substance of the so-called e-malls. This can be a serious threat for the company since this brings many advantages to consumers such as convenience, accessibility, interactivity and immediate response.(L)egalThe current legal system of the Philippines is based on the 1987Constitution but there is an on-going movement that is aimed to revise the current system. According to several lawmakers the business sector would be the number one beneficiary of the constitutional change as the proposed amendments include creation of a more efficient and competitive business environment among others (Rubio, 2009). SMPH is highly subjected to this change. If this would push through, all corporate laws may be altered which would affect how the SMPH operates taxes may rise, new labor codes may be enacted, willpower act may be amended.(E)co-EnvironmentThe Philippines is a developing company and as a result of this is the degradation of the natural environme nt. That is why theres environmental legislation and planning that protects welfare of the environment. Hence these should be followed strictly by both the private and public business sectors. For SMPH, this is very much applicable since they are mall developers. They have to be in compliance with the rules and standards or else they would be penalized (Kirk, 1998, p. 83).A particular example of an environmental legislation that should be followed by SMPH is to secure an Environmental conformity Certificate (ECC) during the conceptualization stage of their expansion plans. Getting an ECC certifies that the project under consideration will not bring about an unacceptable environmental impact and the proponent has complied with all of the environmental legislation preventing and controlling pissing, air and land pollution. Securing an ECC is important for SMPH because if they fail to do so all their expansion plans will be put on a halt (Kirk, 1998, p. 83).CompetitionHere in the P hilippines, malls have become a huge phenomenon in the country. about often than not, whether for recreational, dining or shopping purposes, Filipinos go to mall. With this high demand for shopping malls, this translates competition for SMPH and as of now there are three patriarchal players in the shopping mall industry and these are Ayala Land, Robinsons Land and of course SMPH.Although the industry seems attractive with only 2 competitors for SMPH, the rivalry is still high since both Ayala Land and Robinsons Land are also expanding and has its own loyal customers. But an advantage being in the mall operations business is that it has high barriers to gateway due to the huge capital needed to start up a mall, to find strategic locations and to attract reputable anchor tenants. With regards to SMPHs stand against its competitors, SMPH, with a 51 year experience under its belt, is still the mall of choice for tenants since they can enjoy heavy consumer traffic with almost 2.5 mill ion foot traffic. This enormous number of SMPHs customers is due to their malls convenience, affordability and diversity, and these translate to high customer power. But theres also threat for substitutes like no-fuss shopping complexes (e.g. Tutuban Centermall, putting greenhills) that is becoming a serious peril due to its cheaper prices. acquaintance ManagementIn our daily lives, knowledge is considered as power. Same goes in businesses. But knowledge management is not merely gathering all the data, for it is more involved in processing all these information into a cohesive knowledge. Being efficient with the sourcing, analyzing, dissemination and storage of knowledge can be a source of competitive advantage for a company. With the case of SMPH, knowledge management is essential especially during times of expansion wherein they gather all information demographics of the area, spending capacity, competitive environment level of commercial and retail activities in the surrounding area and distance from other SM malls that will aid them in decision-making (SMPH, 2008). financial ManagementThe entire worlds economic system depends upon the exchange rate. The currency exchange rates effect global businesses like a thermometer, it measures the health of global political economy (JD Files, 2009). Last year the Philippine Peso (php) was one of the worst performing currencies in Asia, closing at 47.52 php to a dollar. This is a 15% decline from the 2007s 41.29 php. (James, 2008)This can affect SMPH, since most of the Overseas Filipino Workers remittances are spent by their beneficiaries in shopping malls, tourism and entertainment. If the peso weakens, it increases the value of dollar remittances and this translates to more OFW beneficiaries spending in their malls.International Market EntryMany companies successfully operate in a niche market without ever expanding into new markets. However, some businesses could compass increased sales, brand awareness and busi ness stability by entering a new market (My Business, 2009). For instance, the company could review new geographical market to serve and at this time of globalization, many companies try to penetrate the international market as a source of their growth.Relating this to SMPH, the company expanded internationally through an acquisition of three SM shopping malls in China through a share swap agreement. This move allowed SMPH to gain a foothold in Chinas fast-growing economy and use this as a platform for long-term growth outside the Philippines where it is clearly the dominant player in the mall business (SMPH, 2007).EcologyAccording to Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, ecology means the scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the interactions between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter. (n.d) In other words, ecology is about environmentalism.Today, one of the biggest issues in ecology is the increasing effect of global warming. Global warming as its name suggest is the gradual increase in the temperature here in earth. This is caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollution that is collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, lodging the suns heat and causing the planet to warm up (NRDC, 2009). Major sources of CO2 emissions are deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.This global concern is alarming for it may bring about natural disasters that may affect peoples health, bring bionomic imbalance, rise in sea levels and change in crop and food generate. Here in the country, the effects of global warming are now being felt. According to World Wide Foundation (WWF), The Philippines is extremely vulnerable to the ravages of climate change. viands and freshwater shortages, receding coastlines and an increase in political and economic turmoil are the bleak picture that climate change paints for the country. (Burgonio, 2007)With these consequences organizations have taken supernumerary measures to respond to these impending catastrophes since they have the leverage to start the change and besides they are also the biggest offenders. In addition to this, various pressure groups, like WWF, are negotiating the companies to adopt energy-efficient saving measures in their operations to help in the global effort to cut CO2 emissions, the leading cause of global warming. (Burgonio, 2007)Ecology and SMPHSM CARES aims to unify and integrate all SMPHs CSR initiatives that are geared towards caring their shoppers and nurturing Mother Earth. Under SM CARES, the company has therefore taken an aggressive stance in protecting the environment through four major initiatives Solid Waste Management, pee preservation, nada Efficiency, and advertize Quality Efficiency. Below are some of SM CARES programs (SMPH, 2008).SM Cares ActivitiesSolid Waste Management SM Supermalls holds Trash to Cash, a recycling market every firs t Friday and Saturday of the month in all SM Prime malls in the country. Here, the public can convert their recyclable trash into cash. To date, Trash to Cash has generated over Php10 million in recyclable items and is estimated to have salve nearly 11,000 seven-year-old trees. Mall tenants are also educated on the benefits of waste segregation. As a result, solid waste in the malls garbage depots has been reduced by as much as 20% a month and two tons of garbage per mall is diverted away from landfills every week.Water Conservation Since its inception a few years back, SM Supermalls now saves about 2.4 billion liters of precious water every year through tertiary manipulation plants that recycle water for use in the cooling towers of the malls air-conditioning systems, toilet flushing, and landscape irrigation. Add to that, the use of waterless urinals in mens toilets save another 315 million liters of water annually.Energy Efficiency SM malls control their air-conditioning syst ems through the Focus Enterprise Building Management System. This computerized process closely monitors the building temperature to optimally balance supply versus demand for cool air. As such, mall areas that are full of people are made cooler while those less congested are unexpended a bit warmer. The system saves almost 50 million kilowatt hours of electricity per year. All tertiary treatment plants mentioned earlier utilize a catch known as a sequential batch reactor that saves up to 500,000 kilowatt hours annually. To reduce the use of light bulbs during the day, the new SM malls are designed to have glass walls and ceilings to light up the mall with sunlight. Lighting has also been replaced from fluorescent to energy efficient bulbs and has saved the malls a considerable amount of kwh annually. SM CARES also avidly supports Earth Hour, an annual global movement that encourages households and establishments to shut down all power sources for an hour, thereby heightening aware ness for energy conservation.Air Quality Efficiency SM strictly enforces the no-smoking policy inside the malls, and requires all public utility vehicles entering and parking in its mall terminals and depots to present certificates of having passed take in emission testing. They also encourage the use of bicycles by providing safe parking spaces for them.Green Bags Pioneering efforts to promote eco-shopping in the Philippine retail industry, SM Supermalls recently unveil the new SM Supermalls Greenbag. The SM Supermalls Greenbag enables shoppers to participate in the global cause to reduce the use of plastic shopping bags. The SM Supermalls Greenbag which is available in all SM malls is made from 100-percent polypropylene (PP) material. It is recyclable, non-toxic, allergy free and nonreactive to human skin. The Greenbags size is equivalent to two regular SM Supermarket shopping bags and has an estimated life span of two years. It is very light, handy and can be folded into a sma ll pack. The SM Supermalls Greenbag comes in four exclusive designs by world-renowned artist Manuel Baldemor, turning this utility item into a prized art piece.Another contribution of SMPH to ecology is through green architecture. Early this year SMPH unveiled their first mall to turn green, the SM northwards EDSA via the Sky Garden. It uses roof gardens that help in neutralizing global warming for roof gardens are known to reduce the effects of urban heat islands and are energy efficient that cut down up to 20% air-conditioning costs. It also catches rainwater, which will be released into a storm water infrastructure that is subsequently recycled for embellish and car park maintenance. Lastly roof gardens also lessen the plumbing design and systems expenditure. With all of these green features, the Sky Garden is an example of how a big property developer can contribute to the improvement of the environment (The Philippine Star, 2009).Policies and Decision MakingSince SMPH is a m all developer, ecological factors like global warming are always part of their discussion. As a matter fact preserving the environment is part of SMPHs objectives and that is to ensure environmental sustainability through various programs on energy, water and air conservation. For them more than just complying with the legal standards (e.g. environment legislation), they also have the responsibility to the community since their company is in the position to make a difference (SMPH, 2008).The management regularly holds meetings to discuss their effect to the environment as well as to discuss the effectiveness of their programs and their up-and-coming activities. One situation wherein SMPH considers the environment in their decision-making is every time they expand and open new malls. During the conceptualization stage, SMPH constantly explores breakthrough architectural models for its malls that are environment-friendly. The Sky Garden at SM City North EDSA, which is a first in the P hilippines, is a noteworthy showcase of the companys innovative thinking. Utilizing the latest in green architecture, the Sky Garden brings their customers closer to nature and at the same time contributes to environmental conservation (The Philippine Star, 2009).To stress even more SMPHs integration of ecology in its company, they held a conference on Sustainability, Energy, and Green Design Initiatives. The conference was aimed at providing a fresh view on how green design initiatives can influence sustainability and promote environmental preservation. Some of the countrys season architects and engineers shared their views on the subject with SMs executives to bring more awareness on how these timely subjects can impact their mall operations (Manila Bulletin, 2008). Through this conference, the management reassessed its policies concerning the environment and recognized the link between a healthy economy and a healthy ecology.Evaluation and RecommendationWith all these initiative s on responding to the ecological issues, it seems that SMPH is reacting well but actually they are kind of late already. Their competitor, Ayala Malls, has been the pioneer to this trend and is successful in incorporating ecology programs in their system. Ayala Malls was the first to retrofit the existing structure of their malls to a more eco-friendly one. Furthermore all of their malls show a close-to-nature effect in contrast to SMPH wherein most of their malls look like a concrete jungle.As a recommendation, SMPH may restructure all of their malls. But this could be done little by little so it will not interrupt the malls activities. Another tutelage is that this can be very costly but if SMPH is really determined to be environment-friendly in all their malls this is the best means to show it. An alternative rule is to put more in-door plants and garden to make their malls at least appear as eco-friendly.Another first by Ayala Malls is their integration with its mall tenants by means of Greenology that bolsters the malls environment awareness campaign. Through Greenology, Ayala Malls mark the trend of being an eco-friendly and eco-chic establishment by showcasing remarkable events that aims to capture the hearts of concerned mall patrons and environmentalists (Ayala Land, 2008). Although SMPH also has their own mall-wide activities such as Trash to Cash and their Green bag, they do not have monthly activities like the Ayala Malls. In addition to this their tenants do not actively participate as much as those in the Ayala Malls.A likely proposal for SMPH is to create an earth-friendly philosophy encompassing all mall activities that are related to to conservation of the environment. Then make an apt title to it so that it will create awareness to the people, like the Ayala Malls Greenology. SMPH should also communicate to its tenants to support and participate in the activities. Together they can brainstorm and come up with ideas that are appropriate wi th the objective. For example, every month all the mall tenants would feature a product that would help in preserving the environment or are made with environment-friendly materials.But the good news for SMPH is that even though they are not proactive in responding to ecological factors, what matters most is that they are trying to keep up and do all their best to preserve the environment. All of their programs are actually well-thought of and practical. Their advocacies for Solid Waste Management, Water Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Air Quality Efficiency are properly executed. As a matter of fact, SMPH has received some accolades for these activities including an Outstanding Achievement in Energy Efficiency and Conservation from Don Emilio Abello Awards for Energy Efficiency and Conservation Best Practices for Buildings (SMI, 2008).However with all of these good strategies what is lacking to SMPH is publicity. They do not create so much buzz about their environmental concer n and activities that makes the public think that they are not doing anything for the sake of the environment. That is why Ayala Malls remains to be the top of judicial decision of the customers when it comes to being eco-friendly mall.To counter this SMPH should make use of public relations to show their plans in connection to greener lifestyle. They should utilize the different kinds of media to create awareness that they are good corporate citizen. Also they can sponsor events such as the yearly celebration of Earth Day to show their support for nature as well as to use this event to promote the earth-friendly facilities of their mall.All in all, SMPH has been sound with all its action plans towards the emerging environmental awareness and it would probably have a 65% marking since theres still a room for improvement.ConclusionThrough the years, SM malls has become synonymous to the phrase one-stop shopping. You can ask any Filipino about what mall comes first into their minds a nd without batting an eyelash, they will respond and say SM. This is how great the impact SM has to the Filipinos. It is more than just the shopping, dining or entertainment experience it is part of the culture already. But before SM became an icon in the country, it started like any other rags to riches story.Its success can be traced back to its founder, Mr. Henry Sy. Even at his age, Mr. Sy is still very hands-on with the business. The countrys shopping mall magnate is a contrarian who not only survived but prospered after(prenominal) every political and economic crisis in the last five decades. This is because he studies the environment very well and handles every downturn as a argufy to seek new opportunities. These work ethics of Mr. Sy is visible in the company and are the main drivers for the continuous achievement of SM. (Tan-Co, 2001)Also contributing to the accomplishment of SM Group is its response to ecology. Although it is still lagging behind its competitors, SMPH is doing its share to conserve Mother Nature. They have opened their first green mall and have conducted various activities to counter their enormous carbon footprint. All these efforts towards being environment-friendly, shows the commitment of SMPH to be the mall of choice that cares to preserve the nature.

Significant Sociological Research In Relation To Educational Change Education Essay

Significant Sociological Research In Relation To educational Change learning EssayThe Educational changes in United Kingdom be basically the tripartite governing body, comprehensive education and the changes that have taken place since 1979 to 1988. The tripartite system was introduced in Britain in 1944 which set up three types of trains grammar, vicarious fresh and technical drill for pupils up to the age of 15. Each schools ordering a different type of education, was establish on the idea that in that respect were different kind of intelligence, each needing a different kind of schooling. Grammar school offered an academic education leading to qualification substitute(prenominal) modern gave pupils a practical education with hardly a(prenominal) opportunities to get qualification. Pupils were allocated to school via the 11+, better pupil were creamed off to grammar school while the rest attend secondary modern schools. The system was more bipartite than tripartite. Gidd en, A. p482Comprehensive school were introduced in 1965 by labour along with grammar school. The aim of the govern custodyt is to remove some another(prenominal) of in referities of the tripartite system and to end the selection at 11+via the 11+ exams and to break down the clique barrier in society as unmatchable schools for all pupils in a particular atomic number 18a meant that all kind material bodyes would be brought together. Pupils would have more opportunities to gain qualification.The biggest changes in education took place in 1988 under Thatcher regime. They saw that education was failing to provide a sufficiently skilled workforce. They besides believed that schools were failing pupils and needed to raise the standard of education. The education constitution that took place under Thatcher regime were National curriculum in England and Wales, The Act as well as brought Standard Assessment Tests SAT at 7, 11, 14 and 16. School could opt start of their LEA and bec ome Grant Maintenance School, Pargonnt empowerment to choose school for their children, formula funding of schools and vocationalism education such as NVQ, GNVQ CTC and New vocationalism.In conclusion, tripartite system shows a soma division in schools for creaming off the bright assimilator in school to grammar school and the rest to secondary modern and technical school. Eleven + culturally favoured the middle stratum and majority of student in grammar school came from middle sectionalization background. Grammar school procured more bills per student than other types of school and girls have to achieved higher pass than boys before they can get to grammar whereas comprehensive school remove the inequalities that existed under the tripartite system and higher proportion of pupils gained more qualification and GCSE and A level rate have all risen and brighter pupils are not held back. gibe to Ball et al 1994 the government education policy encourage the parent choice, creatio n of new types of school- Grant Maintained, CTCs, Technology college status, publishing of the national testing and league tables of exams results and decision for a school to opt of LEA control was given to parents of pupil at school. The New Right thinking is about competition and choiceHaralambos and Holborn p616-6213.3 EVALUATE THE CONTRIBUTION OF sociological THEORY AND UNDERSTANDING OF PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES WITH IN SCHOOLS.The Interactionist legal opinion on processes of schooling and the relationship between teachers and student seems to be very important for the effectiveness of education since social fellowship influence in educational proficiency. Teachers tend to share an image of ideal pupils whereas teachers perceived middle- degree pupils as reason out to the idea, and lower working class pupils as furthest from it. Label is a major feature placed on a person by others. Teacher tends to set middle-class as good student this may discourage working -class pupils. When pupils labelled as bright others will tend to respond to them and interpret their actions in term of this label, there is a tendency for a self-fulfilling prophecy to result.The hidden curriculum refers to the message schools transmit to pupils without lookly teaching them or spelling them out, it consists of values, norms, beliefs and ideas which are embedded in the normal routines and procedures of school life. In functionalists view, the transmission of society core values can be seen as part of hidden curriculum such as the value of individual achievement, pupils are encouraged to achieve good grades, qualification, it forms them to achieve as individuals in the wider society. In Marxists view, the hidden curriculum of schools is the transmission of ruling class ideology, producing next of generation of workers schooled to accept their roles in the society. Haralambos and Holborn p603Marxists are very critical of the role played by the education system. They do not agre e with functionalists and others that it is a meritocratic system but alternatively it keeps the inequalities found in capitalist society going. It does by pretending to give everyone an equal chance but the naive materialism is that those from middle class background do better at school than those from working class background. This is why Marxists often talk about the myth of meritocracy Haralambos and Holborn p 604.In functionalists view, education is a meritocratic that is a system in which social positions are filled on the basis of individual merit and achievement, rather than ascribed criteria such as inherited wealth, sex or social background. Haralambos and Holborn p601.In conclusion, Each of the theories have their own view on education but no one theories can stand on his own and we cannot blame the structure of schooling underachievement to outside influence. Functionalists think that education is needed and if it wasnt there, society wouldnt function mightily and th ey teach the skills and knowledge needed in peoples future lives. Marxists think that education reinforce class divide and that it maintains inequality in society. Feminist thinks that education is heavy(a) as it clearly divides and separate girls from boys. They think it is more suited for boys.4.14.2 EXPLAIN DIFFERENTIAL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT SCHOOLS. AND ANALYSE CULTURE AND STRUCTURAL EXPLANATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL ACHIEVEMENT.Education Attainment refer to as been able to complete a course successfully and obtain a qualification that may lead to employment. Children educational attainment from various background can be influenced by in school factor human, physical, financial resources and out-school factor poverty, parental interest, language difference, cultural capital, positional theory are related to background of the childs parent.Studies found that some student performs better than others. Evidence shows that class position sexuality and paganity play an important role i n determines the educational achievement of some and failure of others. The following sub section will explain those aspects in full details.CLASS AND ATTAINMENT/ACHIEVEMENTSocial class differences in educational achievement are not purely the outcome of cultural factors, such cultural deprivation and cultural difference. There are many factors that contribute to the determination of why working class student tend to achieve little. Cultural deprivation is one of the reasons why working class student are generally achieving less than middle class student. It attributes to working class underachievement to the fact that they have often been brought up with a negative post towards education. gibe to J.W.B Douglas 1964 which focuses on the key role of parental aspirations, claiming that working class parents are less interested in formal education of their children and hence in their successHaralambos and Holborn p629-630.Boudon positional theory 1974 suggest that it is harder for w orking class children to aspire to university and high status professions because there is no parental role model to follow, hence expectations of parents, teachers and peers are lowerWarren,K. et al p242.Cultural difference theorists, however suggest that there is a natural difference between working class culture and middle class culture, needfully placing working class children at a disadvantage in schools. For example, Peter Bourdieu1977 argues that middle class culture is more closely linked to that of the school, meaning that pupils are more equally to understand what is being taught. The point is about cultural capital the taste, ideas and knowledge of parents more closely matches that of teachers so their children are on the alike cultural wavelength and are therefore rewarded with greater educational success. This was further back up by evidence carry out by Alice Sullivan 2001 who showed a close relationship between cultural capital and social class in terms of reading, access to TV, newspaper, participation In cultural activities and vocabulary usedHaralambos and Holborn p636.Basil Bernstein 1990 protrude this idea with his study into speech codes, which suggested that middle class childrens knowledge of a more elaborated vocabulary allowed them to understand the teacher better than working class children, who were confined to a more restricted speech code. Bernstein view is that the middle class language structure is the same that used by teachers in line to the working class language structure code, which is far more restricted. Hence, the school system is culturally biased in favour of the middle class.According to capital of Minnesota Willis 1969 in his study into sub-culture also limits student educational achievement as the student can only do as well as their label allows. Labelling of student by teachers is a theme that was developed by Keddie 1971 he concluded that the educational outcome for different classes becomes a self- fulfillin g prophecy. The labelling is of course based less on actual performance than on stereotyped expectationWarren,K. et al p242-243.Functionalists believe that an individual academic success depend upon his IQ and effort they apply to their studies. They also believe society works in a meritocratic system. Marxists believe that this is due to social class and that in education only the ruling class values are transmitted. This means that working class people find it difficult to get along with the education system.GENDER ATTAINMENT/ACHIEVEMENTGirls outperforming their potent counterpart from primary to university level and the dramatic change happen across culture and continent. In 1970 research focus on girls underachievement within the educational system. According to Oakley 1974 a radical feminist argued that primary socialisation plays an important role in shaping, conditioning boys and girl and help to reinforce existing gender stereotype. This also have impacts on the educational aspiration of girls who are socialised to become passive, submissive and future nest builders. Furthermore, Sue Sharpe 1976 support this view and claims that lower class girls priorities and aspiration is to be in love, get married, have a husband and children are in conflict with their educational success. Radical feminist emphasised on reading materials and the content of textbooks as being sexist in nature and these reinforce gender stereotype.Michelle Stanworth 1983 interviewed teachers and student from seven different classes in the humanities part and found that teachers both staminate and egg-producing(prenominal) displayed certain stereotypical attitudes towards their students. Girls, who were not in the lot of submissiveness, silent and unresponsive, were seen as having the potential to break through a professional career. Moreover, teachers themselves often saw marriage as the outcome of most girls. In term of classroom interaction, it was seen that boys were more asse rtive and took part in class discussion while teachers gave girls lesser attention, although they outnumbered boys.Functionalist argued that there is tendency to exaggerate over the issue of patriarchy impacting on school curriculum. They pointed out that feminists studies are not enough to rely on and not valid because there have been inadequate samples and weak methodologies to support their claims and make representative generalisation. Statistics have shown that boys and girls do achieve every bit well at school and in different fields. Moreover, free and compulsory education has opened door for girls and they are able to compete on equal terms. Later, research by Randall 1987 criticise of Stanworths study by arguing that last mentioneds research are bias and unfounded. He also found that in laboratory classes girls are more forthcoming to interact with their teachers Haralambos and Holborn p642-649.ETHNICITY AND ATTAINMENT/ACHIEVEMENTBritain is a multicultural society and edu cational attainment of ethnic minorities has become nature of debate for a long time. The Swan Report 1985 found that there were several significant difference between the achievement of ethnic minorities and whites in Britain Haralambos and Holborn 2000.However, this phenomenon has not stagnated since other studies like The Studies Policy Institutes Fourth Survey of ethnic Minorities 1994 reported that there was considerate improvement in educational qualification of ethnic minorities when compared to figure in the 1980sModood et al 1997. Below is the explanation of some studies that tries to explain why ethnic minorities do underachieve in education.Jensen 1974 and H. Eysenck 1971 both have sorted out that black were genetically less intelligent than whites while Herstein and Murray 1994 put forward that IQ win are caused by both genes and environment factors, since black are more possible to live in poverty. They also found in their research that even if environment are equalis ed, that is when black and whites of similar income levels and occupational statuses blacks do have a slightly lower IQ test score.The Swan Report 1985 found that linguistic factor in Britain might be responsible for some ethnic minorities since English is not their mother tongue and lack of fluency became an obstacle. Bernard Coard 1971 saw that the British educational system made black children become educationally abnormal by making them felt inferior in every way. Racist stereotypes that exist in society are reinforced by teachers expectation the latter would negatively label children coming from minority groups. The child comes to see him/herself as such and when he/she is only fit for manual and unskilled jobsHaralambosHolborn. p649-653.Bodmer1972 criticism explained that sometimes it is impossible to control all environmental factors that can affect IQ scores as prejudice and discrimination against black people will unendingly hinders equalisation of environment with whites . Pilkington1997 challenge the idea of a genetic basis for IQ not fixed by genetics as IQ scores have increasingly been rising among ethnic minorities in many parts of the world and secondly, difference in socio-economic status largely explain educational differences. Coards view must be treated with care as he has over generalised over the issue, there is evidence of Asian children in Britain who have achieved well. However, harmonize to Ken Pryce 1979 Afro-Caribbean preferred to send their children back to their country to study because black are deprived of the value needed for school success. Warren,K.et al p246.4.3 EVALUATE A RANGE OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS IN RELATION TO ACHIEVEMENT, SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION.Paul Willis 1977 developed a neo-marxist approach to education. Willis approach focus on how education prepare workforce and adopted a research method by using symbolic interactionism in his study and variety of methods at Midland school in England. He used observati on and participation observation in class, school, leisure time and formal interview.Paul Willis carried out his study by observing a group of 12 working class boys in one school in the Midland whom he observed for 18 month and followed them for the first few months at work. These 12 working class boys formed a group with a bad attitude towards school. Willis referred to them as lads. The lads form a counter school culture. They see themselves as superior to teacher and earoles. Having a laff is the most important thing and very sexist and racist, they also see themselves as a real man. Willis argued that the lads failed themselves deliberately in recognition of the inevitable manual working future that awaited them.According to Blackedge and Hunt 1984 they criticised Paul Willis for using small group of 12 pupils to carry out his research and all of them were boys ignoring the aspect of gender girl. He did not considered children in society as a whole. Willis ignores other cultures within the school and since 1977 there are few jobs in manual work, therefore many such lad stay on longer and develop same attitude to work. HaralambosHolborn.p605-608Michelle Stanworth 1983 interviewed is based on the A level student and teachers of humanities subject. She found that teachers gave more time and attention to boys and expected more from them. Teachers both male and female tend to know the names and expressed more concern and interest in boys. Stanworth conclude that all the attention and interest shown by the teachers both male and female to the boys, the girls do better than boys in the exams. Stanworth research was unethical because the girls did not know that they were been observed.Dale Spender 1983 the invisible woman claims womens contribution is largely controlled by men who use their power to further their own interests. The curriculum favour a male perspective womens contribution to human progress are often ignored. Girls receive less attention than boys i n the classroom. Boys are often abusive to girls but are not told off. Male dominance in society is the cause of girls difficulties in education but schools help to reinforce the dominance.According to Randall 1987 he criticised the method used by Stanworth and Spender. Stanworths work was based on interview rather than direct observation. Therefore, it cannot actually establish that teachers are giving less attention to girls. Taylor, P. et al p306-307Mac en Ghaill 1992 studied African-Caribbean and Asian student in a ordinal form college in Midland. He found that the way student responded to schooling varied considerably and was influenced by their ethnicity, gender and class composition of their former secondary schools. All of the ethnic minorities student experience problem in their educational system but in a different way depending on their gender and ethnic group.The study is important because it shows how class, gender and ethnicity interact with the school system and Mirz as study shows that negative labelling does not necessarily lead you to academic failure. Kirby, M. et al p204-205

Overview Of Solar Cars Engineering Essay

Overview Of Solar Cars Engineering EssayRenewable zero is vital in the world today as in the near rising non-renewable sources of energy will become s machinece. The solar powered car is a step in saving these non-renewable sources of energy. The basic principle of the solar car is to affair energy that is stored in a onslaught during and after charging it from a solar panel. The charged batteries are used to taunt the motor which serves as an engine and moves the vehicle in a reverse or forward direction.Overview of Solar CarsAdvantagesNo longer needed to purchase gas or any other come toence of fuelSolar cars have no regular expense besides maintenance and repairsDoesnt produce any greenhouse gas emissions so it is environmentally goldenThe use of solar cars as a combustion engine replacement will signifi send packingtly reduce greenhouse emissions and improve air quality most the worldSolar cars produce no noiseDisadvantagesSolar cars dont have the same hurry or power as a regular car that runs on gasWhile solarizelight is ingenuous, the creation of PV kiosks to capture that sunlight is expensive. Costs for solar panels are steadily declining (22% cost decrement per doubling of achievement volume).The weather can directly affect the performance of the car, especially if it is dark outsidePossible system layoutsFig.ure 1 Basic block diagram model of a solar vehicle blood line Wamborikar, 2010. Solar cars are powered by the suns energy. The main component of a solar powered car is its solar array or panel, which collects the energy from the sun and converts it into usable galvanisingal energy. The solar cadres collect a portion of the suns energy and store it into the batteries of the solar car. Before that happens, a peak power tracker (maximum power order tracker) converts the energy collected from the solar array to the proper system voltage, so that the batteries and the motor can use it. at once the energy is stored in the batteries, it is available to be used by the DC motor and motor controller to drive the car. The motor controller adjusts the amount of energy that flows to the motor to correspond to the throttle. The motor uses that energy to drive the wheels.The primary energy source for a solar powered car is the onslaught. The battery has a crook of individual batteries committed inside which are in series or parallel. Each battery is typically 6V or 12V, and multiple batteries are connected in series or parallel to acquire the optimum system voltage. A single battery is made from multiple cells contained within the battery housing. The overall battery voltage is chosen depending on the motors EMF constant and the desired nominal driving speed.In order to get the most efficient operation of the drive system, the battery voltage is chosen so that the motor controller can operate with minimal pulse width modulation at the maximum speed of the car. Nevertheless, the battery voltage, especially for lead-aci d batteries, fluctuates considerably around the nominal battery voltage, from full charge to maximum discharge. This is why, the nominal battery voltage is chosen so that the utmost possible battery voltage is able to sustain a reasonable speed. An alternative solution to this problem is to put in a boost or buck converter in the motor controller so that a desirable speed can be obtained for any battery voltage.Fundamentals and use of Photovoltaics in Solar VehiclesThe bond model uses the covalent bonds joining the silicon elements to describe semiconductor unit behaviour. In the contour below, it illustrates the bonding and the movement of electrons in a silicon crystal lattice.Figure 2 Representation of covalent bonds in a silicon crystal latticeSource Wenham, 2007At low temperatures, the bonds are total and the silicon behaves as an insulator. At high temperatures, some bonds are broken and conduction can occur by two processes electrons from broken bonds are free to move an d electrons from neighbouring bonds can to a fault move into the hole puddled in the broken bond, allowing the broken bond or hole to propagate as if it had a affirmative charge.It is also possible to shift the balance of electrons and holes in a semi conductor (silicon crystal lattice by doping it with other atoms. Atoms with one more valency electron than the semiconductor are used to produce n-type material. Meanwhile, atoms with one less valence electron results in p-type material (Wenham, 2007). This can be seen in figure 3.Figure 3Source Wenham, 2007Figure 4 Diagram of a P-N JunctionSource Nave, 2005. A p-njunction is formed by joiningn-type andp-type semiconductor materials. Since then-type component part has a high electron concentration and thep-type a high hole concentration, electrons diffuse from then-type side to thep-type side. Similarly, holes flow by dissemination from thep-type side to then-type side. If the electrons and holes werent charged, this diffusion proc ess would continue until the concentration of electrons and holes on the two sides were the same. thus far, in ap-njunction, when the electrons and holes move to the other side of the junction, they leave behind exposed charges ondopantatom sites, which are fixed in the crystal lattice and are unable to move. An electric field forms between the positive ion cores in then-type material and negative ion cores in thep-type material. This region is called the depletion region since the electric field pushes the free carriers out, hence the region is depleted of free carriers. A built in potential (Vbi)is formed collect to the electrified created at the junction.Figure 5Source Wenham, 2007When sunlight falls onto the semiconductor material, photons with energy (Eph) lower than the tidy sum gap energy (Eg) interact insubstantially with the semiconductor, transitory through it as if it were transparent. But, photons with energy greater than the band gap energy (Eph Eg) interact with e lectrons in covalent bonds, using up their energy to break bonds and to create electron-hole pairs which can then move about independently. Also, higher energy photons (red light) are absorbed closer to the surface of the semiconductor than lower energy photons (blue light).The open duty tour voltage (VOC) of a solar cell is the voltage measured when there is no current passing through the cell. The top side of the solar cell is of negative voltage and the bottom is positive. The open circuit voltage is independent of the size of the solar cell, and is determined by the materials the cell is made of ( distinguish to extension 2). The oblivious circuit current (ISC) of a solar cell corresponds to the current measured when the solar cell is short circuited (Fig. 2.11), the voltage equals 0. The electric current ows from the bottom (+) of the cell to the top of the cell (-) when the solar cell is under illumination (refer to Appendix 2). In advanced solar cars, they include a Maximu m Power head word Tracking (MPPT) which maximizes the amount of current going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panels output voltage which increases the charging amps to the battery. The maximum power output of a solar cell is at the maximum power point (MPP), where the product of voltage and current is a maximum (refer to Appendix 2).When solar cells are connected in parallel, the output current is the sum of the currents from the individual cells, and output voltage remains the same to that of a single cell (proven by data, refer to Appendix 1). When solar cells are connected in series, the output voltage is the sum of the voltage from each cell, where the output current stays the same (proven by data, refer to Appendix 1). Therefore, the optimum alignment for solar cells on a solar car would be in series. This is because the MPPT needs more voltage as it extracts the solar cells output voltage in order to maximize the amount of current going into the battery .Source Blimpy, 2010.How a solar cell worksFigure 6 A diagram of a solar cell.Source Lollini, 2010. The photovoltaic effect used in solar cells allows direct conversion of light energy from the sun into electricity, by the generation and transport inside a semiconductor material, of positive and negative electric charges, through the action of light. This material signs two regions, one exhibiting an lavishness of electrons, the other an electron deficit, resistively referred to as n-type doped and p-type doped. When the two are brought into get hold of with the silicon, excess electrons from the n-material diffuse into the p-material. The initially n-doped region becomes positively charged and the initially p-doped region is negatively charged. An electric field is thus made between them, tending to force electrons back into the n-region and holes back into the p-region. Then a p-n junction is setup and by placing metallic contacts on the n and p regions, a diode is acquired. Wh en the p-n junction makes contact with light, the photons having energy equal to or higher than the width of the forbidden band or band gap yield their energy to the atoms, where each photon causes an electron to move from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving behind a hole, also able to move around the material thus, giving rise to an electron-hole pair. If a load is to be positioned at the cells terminals, electrons from the n-region will migrate back to the holes in the p-region, by way of the outside connection, giving rise to a potential difference- an electric current passes.Importance of Correct System Design and Sizing / Non-shadingThe main point that should be kept in mind while making a solar vehicle is the mounting of the solar panel. The panel should be mounted in such a way that it receives maximum sun rays so that it gives maximum efficiency. Since the sun is at a different angle to the ground all the, so the solar panels need to be directed according to thi s positioning.The ideal situation is when the suns rays are colliding with the panels at a perpendicular angle of 90(proven by data, refer to Appendix 4). Thismaximizesthe amount of energy hitting the panels and being produced. The two factors that affect the angle as such are controlled by the orientations (north, south, east, and west) and the angle of the panels from the ground.The main feature of any solar is its array of solar cells. An ideal solar cell would be made of expensive gallium arsenide which are nearly 30% efficient. However a cheaper alternative can be used such as ultra pure monocrystalline silicon which can reach efficiencies of over 20%. Selecting the solar cell with higher efficiency means the less surface area needed so the solar vehicle is able to carry less clog and travel at a faster speed. Therefore, itd be recommended to use a small solar panel with a high efficiency rate so then sizing is not important.For maximum power efficiency in a solar powered car, the solar panels should be in full contact with the suns rays. If a single cell is somewhat shaded by even a small object, it can create a power drop as untold as 50%. This is because the cells in a panel are connected in a series string, so if one cell is shaded, then the reprieve dont work properly (proven by data, refer to Appendix 5). To reduce the effects of shading, the strings are usually kept short and paralleled as much as possible. Having agglomerates of parallel strings is good, because whatever currents are generated can be added together, while the voltage of each string remains relatively similar with or without light. Voltages of parallel strings are taken as the average voltage of each string. An example of how a module might be wired is shown below.Source Sanghster, 2006.Safety IssuesSince the solar powered car is run by a DC motor, there are safety issues with direct current. If a person is electrocuted, electric currents can produce severe burns in the body, p articularly at the points of contact to the circuit, as the electrical power dissipates across the bodys resistance. Electric shock can only occur when contact is made between two points of a circuit, and when a voltage is applied across a victims body. Since direct current moves in one direction through a conductor, it has the tendency to incite muscular tetanus, even at low voltages. Victims are often unable to let go of a DC conductor because of the continuous motion and stable voltage. Also, DC electricity tends to make the heart stand still.ConclusionIt is essential that the design of solar cars are efficient, safe and takes into account the specific requirements and limitations. For example, in order for the solar car to run on solar power it needs a lot of power and an optimum angle needs to be decided to maximise this power output. It is best to use a MPPT to maximize the current going into the battery and to choose an efficient solar array or panel. This being said, the sol ar car can have a significant impact on the reduction of unhealthy greenhouse gas emissions and help prevent global warming. We need to make use of solar powered cars so that we can reduce our addiction on fossil fuels.

J.B. Priestleys Play An Inspector Calls :: Priestley Inspector Calls Essays

J.B. Priestleys Play An Inspector CallsWhy shouldnt they try for higher wages? We try for the highest contingent prices. And I dont see why she should have been sacked.Eric to Mr birl says this. Eric is drawing a comparison between theUpper class owners, and the lower class workers. Eric nominate see thecomparison between Mr Birling trying to do the best for him, and theworkers doing the same for themselves and their families. Mr Birlingwont allow these sentiments, however, and sees them as a badattitude. One bay window assume that this attitude is a general reflection ofthe attitudes held by older generation of the upper classes in 1912 asportrayed in An Inspector Calls, when it is set, with Mr and MrsBirling representing the older generation of the upper class. AnInspector Calls is primarily focused on he attitudes surrounding thehigher classes in 1912, and how these attitudes can lead to actionswith potentially crushing consequences. The attitudes areparticularly aimed at wome n, especially those of work class status.In the play women are portrayed as second class citizens, after men. merely the difference (e.g. in independence) between upper class menand women is greater than that of working class men and women. Manywomen living alone and supporting themselves (for exercising by workingin factories- like Mr Birlings) and their families demonstrate this,whereas the upper class women are totally dependent on their husbandsfor money and accommodation. The play shows that the treatment ofworking class women is degrading. For example it portrays theassumptions that the working class women who are jobless are quitewilling to turn to prostitution. Have you any idea what happened toher after that? deposit into trouble? Go on the streets? Mr Birlingassumes that working class woman, like Eva Smith, get into troubleregularly, and if they are fired, they turn to prostitution quickly.This shows that the attitudes are totally unlike between upperclass and working c lass women. Working class women are seen as easyvirtue, and whores, whilst the upper class virgin maidens are almost inviolable in their purity. The upper class girls are treated withrespect, and are on the whole protected. I think you ought to go tobed now, and forget this absurd line of credit Mr and Mrs Birling want toprotect Sheila from the horrors of affairs. However in the Edwardiansociety there were upper class men, who were abusive, and overdomineering. For example Alderman Meggarty who tried to harass notonly Eva Smith (who was working class) but a girl that Sheila knew,who must be upper class, because Sheila would only socialise in upper

Nelson on Descartess Theory of Perception and Judgment Essay -- Desca

Nelson on Descartes?s Theory of Perception and JudgmentABSTRACT One focus in Descartes?s account of valet de chambre error stems from the idea that we may be faulted for our acts of will, despite the fact that beau ideal is our omnipotent and omniscient creator. In the stick in essay, I describe a second tension in Descartes?s account of human error. After describing the tension, I consider Alan Nelson?s characterization of the essence by which Descartes?s intended to relieve it. Although Nelsons interpretation is almost correct, I think that it obscures some of the interesting enlarge of Descartes?s theory of perception and judgment. These details be revealed by the taxonomy of sensory responses that Descartes articulates in the Sixth Set of Replies to the Meditations.I.In the Fourth Meditation, Descartes is confronted with the problem of reconciling his conclusion that God exists and is no deceiver with ostensible instances of human error. Described generally, Descartes att empts to square his assertions regarding God, with the fact that humans are subject to error, by claiming that any error made by a human being originates in a free act of will for which God should not be attributed fault.There is, of course, enormous tension between Descartes?s claim that human beings may be faulted for their acts of will, and his claim that God is our omnipotent and omniscient creator. In what respect is it appropriate to regard us as culpable for our acts, assuming that God is antecedently the author of these acts through his creation of the Universe? This is a difficult question to answer. However, even if we set this question aside (as I will), we find that large tension remains in Descartes?s account of the etiology of perceptual error.... ...escartes, Volume II, pp. 295.21 The same sort of confusion is also described in the last sentence of both principle 70 and 71, in Book One of the Principles.22 In fact, the categories of the objects of confusion mentione d in principle 46 (perceptions and judgments) are precisely the constituents of the second and third categories of sensory response described in the Sixth Set of Replies.23 The Philosophical literary works of Descartes, Volume I, pp. 208.ReferencesDescartes, Ren 1985, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes (Vol. 1,2, and 3), Cambridge University Press, New York.Hare, R.M. 1952, The Language of Morals, Clarendon Press, Oxford.Locke, John 1975, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Clarendon Press, Oxford.Nelson, Alan 1997, ?Descartes?s Ontology of Thought?, Topoi 16, 163-178.DESCARTES?S THEORY OF PERCEPTION AND JUDGMENT 11